Lady Mary Wroth as Proto-Feminist Essay -- Feminism Feminist Women Cri

lady bloody shame angry as Proto-Feminist doll Mary wrothful is one of very few canonized charr poets in the 17th century canon (Strickland lect. Oct 11 94.). This fact alone lends a type of greatness to Wroth that sets her off from her male contemporaries. Wroth wrote poems at about the same time that Robert Herrick, fast one Donne, Andrew Marvell, and Sir Philip Sidney (to name a few) wrote their courtly lyrics. Wroth wasnt the alone woman writer from the time, instead, she was simply one of very few that were saved from historical anonymity. Lady Mary Wroth writes using a sanely conventional division of sonnet making, the Carpe Diem style. In using this style, she achieves an interesting internal critique of itself as poetic form. Wroth shows how the form is exclusive and at times self-defeating. Wroth exposes these faults by elaborating on images of masochistic love and how this type of love is furthered by the use of military metaphor. Lastly, I will discuss how Wroths use of two-fold narration and monologue format also serve to problematize the Carpe Diem style. Carpe Diem means seize the daylight, and this particular translation of the phrase is of particular importance for establishing the validity of Wroths critique. (Strickland lect. Oct 11 94). These Carpe Diem love sonnets ordinarily focused around the narrator trying to seduce a woman into bed or into some type of love relationship. The neediness to seize the day was worked in by the narrator in hopes of spurring the woman into action. One good example of this is in Andrew Marvells poem To His Coy fancy woman. In this poem, Marvell writes And the choke age should show your heart/ ... But at my back I always hear/ Times winged chariot hurrying tightfitting (Marvell n.p.). Marvell... ... too salutary placed to be considered accidental. Although I cannot claim to be completely knowledgeable in Feminist writing I can only suppose that I have found what I think is there. WORKS CITED Adam, Robert M. & Logan, George M. ed. The Norton Anthology of English Literature Fifth Edition. New York W.W. Norton Co., 1986. Greer, Germaine. The Female Eunuch. New York McGraw--Hill, 1970. Marvell, Andrew. Andrew Marvell The Complete Poems. Elizabeth level Donno ed. New York Penguin, 1972. Smith, A.J. ed. John Donne The Complete English Poems. London Penguin, 1971. Strickland, Ronald. 17th Century English 215 (Course Packet). Normal Pip Printing, 1994. Strickland, Ronald. Lecture. Literature of the 17th Century. Illinois State University. Normal, 11th Oct. 1994. Wroth, Lady Mary. The Poems of Lady Mary Wroth. Baton Rogue Louisiana St. UP, 1983. Lady Mary Wroth as Proto-Feminist Essay -- Feminism Feminist Women CriLady Mary Wroth as Proto-FeministLady Mary Wroth is one of very few canonized woman poets in the 17th century canon (Strickland lect. Oct 11 94.). This fact alone lends a type of importance to Wroth that sets her off from her male contemporaries. Wrot h wrote poems at about the same time that Robert Herrick, John Donne, Andrew Marvell, and Sir Philip Sidney (to name a few) wrote their courtly lyrics. Wroth wasnt the only woman writer from the time, instead, she was simply one of very few that were saved from historical anonymity. Lady Mary Wroth writes using a fairly conventional form of sonnet making, the Carpe Diem style. In using this style, she achieves an interesting internal critique of itself as poetic form. Wroth shows how the form is exclusive and at times self-defeating. Wroth exposes these faults by elaborating on images of masochistic love and how this type of love is furthered by the use of military metaphor. Lastly, I will discuss how Wroths use of double narration and monologue format also serve to problematize the Carpe Diem style. Carpe Diem means seize the day, and this particular translation of the phrase is of particular importance for establishing the validity of Wroths critique. (Strickland lect. Oct 11 94). These Carpe Diem love sonnets usually focused around the narrator trying to seduce a woman into bed or into some type of love relationship. The need to seize the day was worked in by the narrator in hopes of spurring the woman into action. One good example of this is in Andrew Marvells poem To His Coy Mistress. In this poem, Marvell writes And the last age should show your heart/ ... But at my back I always hear/ Times winged chariot hurrying near (Marvell n.p.). Marvell... ... too well placed to be considered accidental. Although I cannot claim to be completely knowledgeable in Feminist writing I can only suppose that I have found what I think is there. WORKS CITED Adam, Robert M. & Logan, George M. ed. The Norton Anthology of English Literature Fifth Edition. New York W.W. Norton Co., 1986. Greer, Germaine. The Female Eunuch. New York McGraw--Hill, 1970. Marvell, Andrew. Andrew Marvell The Complete Poems. Elizabeth Story Donno ed. New York Penguin, 1972. Smith, A.J. ed. John Don ne The Complete English Poems. London Penguin, 1971. Strickland, Ronald. 17th Century English 215 (Course Packet). Normal Pip Printing, 1994. Strickland, Ronald. Lecture. Literature of the 17th Century. Illinois State University. Normal, 11th Oct. 1994. Wroth, Lady Mary. The Poems of Lady Mary Wroth. Baton Rogue Louisiana St. UP, 1983.

Essay --

Week 2 Discussion 1 Bring Systems into BeingColorado Technical UniversityCS672 Systems design MethodsPooja KattimaniInstructor Professor John KingJanuary 13, 2014Bring Systems into BeingWhat atomic number 18 some characteristics of human-made or engineered systems that distinguish it from natural system?The characteristics of human made systems which bequeath distinguish from natural system are as followsHuman made systems are those systems which are brought into being by human intervention through components, attributes or relationships between them, whereas the natural systems are brought into being by a natural process. congressman representative for human made systems is solution to flooding problem of Nile river, example for natural system are water cycle, food chain etc.Human made systems have some impact on natural world. Example When Aswan Dam was built on Nile River, it had impact on the natural world. Problems such as rapid erosion of Nile delta, fishing industry was r educed in east Mediterranean etc. whereas Natural systems exhibit equilibrium and high degree of order Example water cycle. In natural system material flows are cyclic in nature.Human made systems are created by beginning with identifying the needs of customer and ending with phase out and disposal, whereas the natural systems have no dead ends and no wastes.2. Pick a product, describe the enabling system that is required to bring it into being, and explain the importance of engineering the system and product together. find out an automotive product to be developed in automotive industry. For most organizations lack of visibility of data, technology and people in the product development invigoration cycle cause challenges to organizations. Use of... ...sonsCustomer communication step in spiral model helps to know the needs of customer and gather complete requirements requisite to develop the system.In Spiral model there is avoidance of risk is enhanced because there is high amou nt of risk analysis.Software can be developed in the early stages of software development life cycle.It is good for larger projects because it is iterative process, when it proceeds through several stages of lifecycle, each time a different prototype is developed. Hence prototype can be evaluated for risk before proceeding to next step.Additional functionality can be added in ulterior stages of development cycle if required.ReferencesBlanchard B. S. & Fabrycky W. J. (2011), Systems Engineering and Analysis, New JerseyPrentice Hall.Blanchard B. S. (2008), Systems Engineering Management, New Jersey John Wiley and SonsInc.

Mozambique Essay -- essays research papers

Mozambique- a beautiful stretch of land off the sou- eastern United States coast of Africa. It is specific anyy located at latitude 4027S to 2652S, and longitude from 3031E to 4051E. Its east coast shores are some of the most tranquilizing while the west coast is bordered by South Africa, Zimbabwe, Malawi, and Tanzania coming from south to north. Mozambique is famous for the Zambesi River and its plowshare to the power supply of central Africa. Today the capital of Mozambique is Maputo. The whole rustic is a largely tropical area that is susceptible to both drought and flooding. Mozambique is so vast that it must be broken up into three regions the North the Zambesi river basin, and the south. The Zambesi River cuts Mozambique in half and is the heart of the land. The numerous other rivers are important to the providence and its livelihood as well. It is because of the rivers and the fertility of the soil, that 80% of the population are in agriculture. The countryside is also den sely forested and has been exploited for local building material. This country has everything from high mountains, to low rivers, to beautiful b separatelyes. It is truly underdeveloped and has yet to reveal its most mysterious secrets.The earliest settlers in Mozambique were Islamic traders dating all the way back to the eighth century. Hence, the linguistic diversity is as vast as the land. Three widespread languages Makna-Lomwe, Tsonga, and Shona are known throughout the land, while each region or subculture may speak a different tongue. For instance, at the Northern tip of Mozambique, the peoples speak Swahili. A Bantu language that originated from the co-mingling of Arabic and African peoples. The peoples of Mozambique are many. Ten separate cultures are nationally recognized, but each culture has many subcultures that were the results of the biological and cultural mixing of several populations. As the ethnicity is diverse, so is the religious connotation. Tribal religious pr actices account for 70% or more of the ethnic groups north of the Save river. In places, people are associated with the Christian and Muslim faiths and there is also evidence of Baptist and Protestant groups. It will be a struggle for these indigene cultures to keep their unity alive during the Portuguese invasion, but their ... ..., and racial discrimination were not in effect, if that can really happen, but that is what was at least professed. It seems that the people were freed, but then left with nothing and nothing to create with. The plan of attack dealing with the agriculture aspect effected the control of much needed markets. Due to unsuccessful attempts concerning economic policies led to massive friendly dislocation and economic collapse. In efforts to meet everyones needs, FRELIMO gave up total reign of the political process. Today, Mozambique faces many problems including those health and disease related . Some short(p) choices concerning the closure of transportatio n routes with Southern Rhodesia were made under FRELIMO. This specific act resulted in a $200million in lost transit revenues. Obviously the situation is little than hoped for. It is s o sad to see a country that is plagued by colonialism and in it is efforts for independence it gets left with less than it had before. Hopefully it will find the potency to pull itself out of the water. As for its future, it is up to the new generations to educate themselves and advance their economic and technological resources.

Resistance, Infections, and Defenses of Streptococcus pyogenes Essay

Resistance, Infections, and Defenses of Streptococcus pyogenesStreptococcus pyogenes was the bacteria that used to be the cause of numerous cases of human sicknesses and deaths. As our technology evolved and advanced, our perspective and understanding of this bacteria grew to a point that it is no longer a huge threat. The once blurry details became so clear that it came to the point of which we can identify, locate, and treat the bug accurately. After those many years of dedication and research, we finally saw exactly how the bacteria came ab proscribed, entered our bodies, infected our cells, and tricked our immune system to attack itself. We also found out specific details on how the bacteria reproduce, survive in the wild, spread from host to host, and what drugs it was and is susceptible to.Streptococcus pyogenes (Todar, 2002)Streptococcus pyogenes is gram positive, facultative anaerobic, nonmotile coccus, typically 0.6-1.0 m in diameter. The bacteria reproduce in chains and pa irs. (Todar, 2002). It is also nonsporeforming and catalase-negative. Some older cultures may lose the gram positive identifications and occasionally in that respect are obligate anaerobes. (Patterson, 2001). There are three different groups of streptococci Beta-hemolysis which would result with clear surroundings on credit line agar, Alpha-hemolysis which would result with red blood cells changing to a green appearance due to the reduction of hemoglobin in the red blood cells, and gamma-hemolytic which is not hemolytic. (Todar, 2002). To identify the bacteria, checking for hemolysis is not the surpass source of identification for streptococci because the age, species, and many other elements could affect the results. (Todar, 2002).Resistance, Infections, and 2St... ...once hundred-percent fatal bacteria. There is no vaccine, but there is a cure. Sooner or later, our diagnostics and understanding of this great killer will come to the point that Streptococcus pyogenes is no longe r a threat to our world.BibliographyDuckworth, D. Ph.D., Richard Crandall Ph.D. and Richard Rathe M.D. (1999, May). Streptococcal Infection*. University of Florida. July 29, 2005 http//medinfo.ufl.edu/year2/mmid/bms5300/bugs/strpyoge.htmlAA2Patterson, M. (2001, October). Streptococcus. The University of Texas aesculapian Branch. July 29, 2005 http//gsbs.utmb.edu/microbook/ch013.htmTodar, K. (2002, May). Streptococcus pyogenes. University of Wisconsin. July 29, 2005 http//www.bact.wisc.edu/Bact330/lecturespyoFischetti Ph.D., V. (1995, June). The Streptococcus. The Rockfeller University. July 28, 2005 http//www.rockefeller.edu/vaf/strep.htm

Creative Story: Lobito :: essays research papers

Creative Story LobitoNot once is there a boring moment in my house Thats because of my labelLobito. Unlike other families that have a human sometimes beingness the clown oftheir family, in my family my dog Lobito is the clown. He has got to be thefunniest dog alive. From his jealousy fits, and his expressive style of picking fights withthe rest of the dogs to his no stop playing with his stuffed animals. wholesome the best place to start would be by describing his way of fightingwith other dogs. Hes keen out of one of those movies where there saying hold me back. No matter how big the dog is he will challenge him. This would be big(p) if he actually followed through with his threat but he doesnt. He hasthis funny habit that when were holding him back from a nonher dog, his barkstarts getting louder. temporary hookup holding him back he tends to pull and yank hard,and almost say let me at him. The funny part is when we actually do let him go,hes impress we let him go , and give s us this look like hey hold me backAnother thing that goes along with his fighting techniques, are his day dreamdesires of being a security dog. We have this one dog named Pinto that Lobitohates with all his heart. Being that Pinto is alot older and bigger than Lobbito, Lobito never dares raise a bark at Pinto. exactly dont ever tell Pinto to gooutside the house, because as soon as Lobito hears the words Pinto outside,hell breaks loose. Lobito will come tearing around the nook like if he heardPuppy Chow was going to be on sale. He starts barking and yelping right behindPinto with an occasional nip at his tail. At the same time while this is allgoing on he tends to give us a look that says how am I doing?Well thats not the worst part, the worst part is when it comes to hisjealousy. It could be said that Lobito has this idea that hes number one, andhes got this idea for everything that happens to him. Due to this idea of hiswe make it a point not to pet any other dog besides him wh ile hes around, andif we accidentally do pet another dog he makes it clear to us hes disturbed with usby growling. We never let him catch us petting another dog Hell come right up

Creative Story: Lobito :: essays research papers

Creative Story LobitoNot once is there a boring moment in my brook Thats because of my dogLobito. Unlike some other families that have a human sometimes being the clown oftheir family, in my family my dog Lobito is the clown. He has got to be thefunniest dog alive. From his jealousy fits, and his way of picking fights withthe rest of the dogs to his no stop playing with his stuffed animals.Well the best place to start would be by describing his way of fightingwith other dogs. Hes straight out of one of those movies where there saying hold me back. No matter how big the dog is he will challenge him. This would begreat if he actually followed through with his threat but he doesnt. He hasthis funny habit that when were holding him back from another dog, his barkstarts acquiring louder. While holding him back he tends to pull and yank hard,and almost say let me at him. The funny part is when we actually do let him go,hes surprised we let him go , and gives us this look like hey hold m e backAnother thing that goes along with his fighting techniques, are his day inhalationdesires of being a security dog. We have this one dog named Pinto that Lobitohates with all his heart. Being that Pinto is alot older and bigger than Lobbito, Lobito never dares raise a bark at Pinto. But dont ever tell Pinto to gooutside the house, because as soon as Lobito hears the words Pinto outside,hell breaks loose. Lobito will come tearing some the corner like if he heardPuppy Chow was going to be on sale. He starts barking and yelping right behindPinto with an occasional shooting at his tail. At the same time while this is allgoing on he tends to give us a look that says how am I doing?Well thats not the worst part, the worst part is when it comes to hisjealousy. It could be said that Lobito has this idea that hes number one, andhes got this idea for everything that happens to him. Due to this idea of hiswe make it a record not to pet any other dog besides him while hes around, andif we accidentally do pet another dog he makes it clear to us hes upset with usby growling. We never let him catch us petting another dog Hell come right up

Management Process and Organizational Behavior Essay

Q.1 Today managers need to perform various functions Elaborate the statement Managers take in and maintain an internal environment, commonly called the plaque, sothat others stern rub down efficiently in it. A managers job consists of proviso, organizing, directing,and controlling the resources of the organization. These resources include people, jobs or positions, technology, facilities and equipment, materials and supplies, information, and money.Managers work in a dynamic environment and mustiness anticipate and adapt to challenges.The manager looks after more than one function.Therefore, managerial practices usedsuccessfully in big firms stacknot be blindly used in small-scale units. Basic managerial functionsin large and small business be the same. But the manner in which these functions should becarried out can be various.Managing starts with planning. A manager with a definite and well defined plan has morechances of success than another who tries to start an enterpri se without planning. According toKillen planning is the exploit of deciding in upraise what is to be donewho is to do ithow it isto be done and when it is to be done. Planning involves thinking and decision and is, therefore,called a uniform process. Planning is a continuous process as changes in plans have to be madefrom time to time to take care of changing environment. Many a times, a vague approach isadapted to planning in a small firm.There is a false impression that small firms areuncomplicated and do not dominate planning. The small-scale manager does not want to engagehis employees in the planning process due to the desire to keep the secrets with him. Personalaccountability for results, lack of expert staff and not having planning skills are other major obstacles to planning in small firms. The owner or manager of a small enterprise is too involvedin day-to-day outgrowth to try planning before commencing actual operation. But they need pre-planning most because small f irms have limited resources to conquer their upcoming problemand cannot afford to finance losings that can take place while adjusting to unanticipatedhappenings/changes.An manager needs an enterprise which can achieve the business objectives.During thefunction of organizing he leads human resources to successful completion of the project,arranging the functions and activities into different levels in the organization structure, thusfacilitating the assignments of personnel according to their capabilities, skills and motivation.According to Peter F. Drucker the process of organizing consists of three steps activitiesanalysis, decisions analysis and relation analysis.(i). Activities Analysis It consists of the followinga) Determining the main functions for achieving the objectives of the firm.b) mixed sub-functions in each major function.c) Amount of work in each major function and its sub-function.d) The position required to perform the activities.(ii) Decisions Analysis It consists of the followinga) Choosing the hindquarters of departmentalization so that functions could be grouped intospecialized units. Generally, functional departmentation is appropriate for small-scaleunits. Customers, Products and territories are other important base of departmentalization.b) Choosing the type of organization structure so that departments are interconnected into aformal structure.MBA Sem-IManagement Process and Organizational Behavior Subject code MB0022 (iii) Relations Analysis The authority, responsibility and accountability of every position and itsrelationship with other positions are clearly defined. assorted positions are manned with personshaving the undeniable education, training, experience and other qualifications.To obtain best possible benefit from each employee it is necessary to delegate functions as far-down in the organization as possible. Owners of small firms are often reluctant to delegatingauthority to their employees even though they expect them to do all functions allocated to themthat require authority. For effective completion of tasks, it is necessary that responsibilityaccompanies the necessary authority.In directing a manager has to supervise, guide, lead and motivate people so that they canachieve set targets of performance. In the process of directing his subordinates, a manager ensures that the employees carry through their tasks according to the set plans. Directing is theexecutive function of management because it is concerned with the execution of plan andpolicies.Directing commences organized action and sets the whole organizational machineryinto action. It is, therefore, the life better-looking function of an organization. This is the area where themastery of the art and science of management is put to shield. An managers leadership styledetermines the work atmosphere and culture of the organization. Above all, he must motivateemployees by setting a good example, setting practical targets of performance and providingsatisfactory monetary and non- monetary benefits.In directing a manager has to perform the following tasks(a) result orders and instructions(b) Supervising workers(c) Motivating i.e. inspiring to work efficiently for set objectives(d) Communicating with employees regarding plans and their implementation.(e) Leadership or influencing the actions or employees.Controlling is the process of ensuring that the organization is moving in the desired directionand that progress is being made to wards the achievement of goals.The answer to a profitable organization is the skill of the owner or manager to controloperations. He has to exhibit standards of performance, procedures, goals and budgets. Withthese guides, he supervises job progress, workers performance and the financial condition of the business. The controlling function of the owner manager includesSetting of standards Control presumes the existence of standards against which actual resultsare to be evaluated. Standards can not control on their own but they are the targets againstwhich actual performance can be measured.Therefore they should be set clearly andaccurately. They should be precise, adequate, and feasible.Measurement of actual performance The actual performance is measured and evaluated incomparison with the set standards. Preferably measurement should be such that variation maybe identified in advance of occurrence and prevented by suitable action. Where work involved isof quantitative nature measurement of performance is not difficult. But when the work is notquantifiable measurement becomes difficult. Periodical reports test checks and audits arehelpful in precise measurement of performance.MBA Sem-IManagement Process and Organizational Behavior Subject code MB0022 Analysis of variances Comparison of actual performance with standards will reveal variation.Variations are analysed to identify their cause and their impact on the organization. Correctiveaction can be possible only wher e the causes of the problem spots have been identified.Clarification may be called for sudden variation.Taking disciplinal action Control means action on the basis of measurement and evaluation of results. Wherever possible self- determining device should be used for pitch back actualresults in line with the standards. Standards should be revised wherever necessary. Other stepsto prevent deviations can be re-organization, improvements in staffing and directions etc. Thereal meaning of control lies in the commencement and follow-up of remedial action. At thisstages control unites with planning.

Kraft Food Essay

Kraft food is in more than 170 countries around the world, were Hansens is located in nimbus California. Kraft foods and Hansens both take a leak face book and tweeter page. The Kraft website has more users friendly you can go on there and click on the different products and on some of the products they offer coupons and pretty detail description of the product. There is so much on the Kraft website that it can be over whelming because there are so many an(prenominal) options on the page. Hansens website is nice and pleasant to the eye it feels more homely. It makes you feel like you are not facial expression at a huge company website.Kraft has so many products that there are a lot of generic products out their trying to echo Krafts product. Also with Krafts known overseas they have to deal with the competition their overly because there are so many food companies out there. Kraft is able to keep up with their competition by doing more research that will appeal to their custome rs. For instance the latest liaison is recycling so Kraft has developed new ways to package their products and using recycled products and making sure when they make this packaging they do not have any waste. These appeals to a lot of people because of the think green motto.Kraft also keeps coming up with new products so can stay forrad of their competitors. Hansens products are more originally with the organic sodas and energy drinks so there are not too many generic products that compare to their product. They also are doing something that is very popular, their products are free of preservatives and no artificial flavors which what a lot people are looking at because of all the other chemicals in food people are looking for things that are organic. I think that both of these companies are on good paths thru survival thru globalization because they now their places in the market.

Rocket Boys Memoir Passage Analysis

Rocket Boys Throughout the memoir about his youth, Homer Hickam in Rocket Boys demonstrates excellence in prose. Hickam, a creator aerospace engineer from NASA, credibly and masterfully crafts his memoir so as to bring the reader into his mindset. His insightful descriptions of action en suitable the reader to experience the signification at first hand with him done their imagination. He carefully selects his terms in order to work an image in the mind of the reader through his deliberate syntax, powerful diction, literary devices, and imagery.The following rush is an example of his powerful prose Sherman wanted to light the fuse, but I worried whether he could get a sort from it fast enough. Dont you worry about me, he said with such intensity that I instantly gave in. In a lot of ways, Sherman was the least handicapped person Id known. He lit the fuse and ran back to a rock. Flames burst from Auk II. It sat for a moment spewing smoke and sparks and rocking on its fins.Then i t jumped ten feet into the credit line, rancid and zipped into the woods behind us, ricocheted off an oak tree, rebounded back to the slack, twisted around once, twanged into the boulder Quentin and I were hiding behind, jerked twenty feet into the air, coughed once, and dropped like a dead bird. (Hickam 91) This passage is keen because it displays literary excellence while also revealing a moment of self awareness in Hickams thoughts. There are two key portions to this quotation.The first is the momentary reflection that Hickam had concerning his friend, and the second beingness the description of Auk IIs flight. In the first half of the passage Hickam displays a moment of self awareness. Sherman Siers, a member of Hickams BCMA, had a left leg that had been damaged due to polio. Hickam states that at first he worried that Sherman that Sherman might non be able to retreat quickly enough after lighting the fuse to Auk II, but he gave in due to the confidence and zeal that Sherm an possessed.In retrospect he writes In a lot of ways, Sherman was the least handicapped person Id known. (91) Here Hickam realizes that what many people label as handicaps may be in fact the opposite. Shermans handicap caused him to rise to the challenge and in doing so he gained a confidence that empowered him through other challenges that e reallyone in life may face to Sherman handicaps were merely a state of mind. The second half of the portion, which describes the flight of the rocket engine, is teeming with literary goodies the first of which being the syntax of the sentences.The first of the goodies is the sentence syntax. In the sentences leading up to the rockets takeoff, you can see the sentence lengths are short and excited. Then it changes when it reaches the sentence It sat for a moment spewing smoke and sparks and rocking on its fins (91). Just as the rocket is delayed sitting for a moment on the ground, the sentence length increases from that of the past sentences t o demo the delay through syntax. The final sentence is lengthy and jumbled with verbs all throughout it.The constant usage of verbs each following the other gives a very staccato rhythm making the sentence very quick paced and full of action. This final sentence has a whopping total of ten verbs that show the actions and travel plan of the rocket. By looking at the structure of the sentence, one can almost see the rocket flying all over the place jerking this way and that and finally hitting the ground with a thud at the period. Other goodies in the later portion of the passage include the strong choice in diction and literary devices he employs. Hickam superior choice in diction is evident in the final two sentences.Hickam carefully chose each word harmonise to its sound and meaning. He did non try to sophisticate his word choices to make himself seem intelligent. Instead he searched carefully for words that though simple to understand, create just the description for the rock ets action. Some of the words like twanged (91) and zipped (91) are even examples of onomatopoeia that is the words sound like what they mean. At the end of the final sentence Homer employs the fiction dropped like a dead bird (91). This simile has a dual purpose as both a simile and a pun.This sentence brings an abrupt end to the crazy flight path of the rocket and creates a visual of the rocket plummeting to ground in the minds of the readers, yet at the same time it is a play on words. A pun is the usage of a word which has two meanings to invoke humor. In this case the word which has two meanings is the word bird (91). The name of the rocket, the Auk II, is an allusion to the Great Auk which is an extinct, flightless seabird. When Hickam used the phrase dropped like a dead bird (91), he meant to show the rockets rapid descent while also humorously referring back to the origin of he rockets name. The last sentence from the passage is an excellent example of imagery. Instead of m erely telling the readers about the rockets launch, Hickam shows the rockets launch to his readers. Using phrases like twanged into the boulder (91) and jerked twenty feet into the air (91), Hickam invokes the senses of seeing and hearing to bring the reader firsthand into the action. Overall I really enjoyed reading Rocket Boys. The passages really brought me into Hickams mindset and I was able to see the world from his point of raft.The frequent literary devices entertained my mind, while my imagination was absorbed in the imagery in the book. I was inspired by Sonnys determination to succeed and make something of himself. I did not find any truly weak parts of this memoir as I personally was absorbed in every moment in it. However I can understand if some people were to find it dull or boring at times due to lack of action. Unfortunately many readers today read only for action and violence, so due to a ecumenical lack of these in Rocket Boys, many people might find it unenterta ining.I would only recommend this to a person who reads to be inspired and not merely to be entertained. Personally I found myself captivated by the books imagery and unknowingly I found myself on a mission to find every little literary device possible. Throughout my reading I always viewed the book positively and eagerly read earlier to find out what would happen next. Rocket Boys is an excellent book that I found to be truly inspirational and has positively impacted on my view on my own life. Now I truly believe that if I work hard enough, I can achieve just about anything.

The Relationship of Procrastination and Self-Esteem on the Failing Grades

THE RELATIONSHIP OF SELF-ESTEEM AND PROCRASTINATION ON THE FAILING GRADES OF THE COLLEGE STUDENTS OF UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN MINDANAO, KABACAN, COTABATO PAMELA CLAIRE C. GARROTE A dissertation Outline Submitted to the Department of Psychology, College Of Arts and Sciences, University of southern Mindanao, Kaba shadow, Cotabato in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of BACHELOR OF ARTS IN PSYCHOLOGY MARCH 2013 INTRODUCTION College is a fun, exciting, and challenging experience for most students, but for some, it is simply too much to handle.Few full(prenominal) school students argon aw atomic number 18 of what college life is like. Unlike in high school, college classes usually require a large amount of time spent outside class, working for the class, and some students do not understand the importance of this. A surprisingly large number of college freshmen have extremely poor time-management skills, which can lead to more time, spent partying than studying, which is the main cause of weakness tests. All of these be causes of the students ultimately flunking out of college.Self-esteem is the overall egotism-evaluation of ones self, this is according to Myers. It is said to be the most important in helping the person grow. You cannot achieve a certain goal if you dont have it. With a high level of self-esteem, it can help you in your studies, at work and in dealing with other people. Procrastination, in laymans term, it said to be wasting your time. This dilemma is very common especially in those who are studying. With this kind of military capability there are most likely to be successful.Many students entering college have extremely poor time management skills. One major problem is procrastination. almost students will wait till the night before a project is due before starting it, quickly rushing through the project, making reckless errors, and getting little rest that night. Another self-destructive habit many college students have is cramming for tests. Often this cramming session takes place the night before, or even the dawning of, the test, wherein the student tries to cover many weeks worth of material in a few hours.This method of studying is almost worthless because the student will neer retain any of the knowledge he or she studied. Objectives of the Study The purpose of this study wants to know the relationship of self-esteem and procrastination on the failing grades of the college students of University of Southern Mindanao, specifically aims to 1. Measure the level of their self-esteem. 2. Know if self-esteem and procrastination create a big impact in their failing grades. Significance of the Study The vector sum of this study can be very helpful, especially to the locale of the study.If this study will be conducted successfully, those students who have failing grades because of low self-esteem and are procrastinating can be serving as participants in seminars such as boosting your self-esteem. It can be beneficial to the university they can also help improve the education of the students. backdrop and Delimitation This study focuses on the self-esteem and procrastination and its possible relation to the failing grades of the college students of USM. The participants were chosen regardless of their age, sex/gender, ethnicity, and financial ability.The participants were also those who have failing grades. Hypothesis of the Study Ho There is no relationship of self-esteem and procrastination on failing grades. Theoretical Framework Individual Psychology was founded byAlfred Adler. It is a cognitive, goal-oriented, social psychological science interested in a persons beliefs and perceptions, as well as the effects that persons appearance has on others. It is one of the few psychologies interested in democratic processes in the home, school and work place.Individual Psychology promotes social come toity, which means granting each other mutual respect and dignity regardless of our inherent differences. It is not a set of techniques but a comprehensive philosophy of living. The three most fundamental principles are (1) behavior is goal oriented (2) humans are fundamentally social, with a desire to belong and have a place of value as an equal human being and (3) the individual is indivisible and functions with unity of personality (Ferguson, 1984).These principles, which make Individual Psychology unique from other approaches, are described in Adlerian psychology aspurposiveness,social interest, andholism. Together, these principles describe the person as moving in unity toward self-chosen goals that reflect a human value for belonging and social contribution. conceptual Framework In this study, self-esteem (IV) is also the basis to the participants overall self-evaluation and procrastination (IV) as the basis in determining the students behavior in school.And failing grades (DV) will be the basis in getting the needed data. Failing Grades Self-esteem P rocrastination Fig. 1. Schematic diagram showing the relationship of self esteem and procrastination on the failing grades of the participants. Operational Definition of Terms METHODOLOGY Research Design The relationship of self-esteem and procrastination on failing grades will use the refresh and correlational analysis research design to obtain baseline information on the failing grades of the college students of USM.Respondents of the Study The respondents of the study are those college students who have failing grades last semester school year 2013-2014. Locale of the Study The locale of the study is located on the northern part of Region XII, specifically on the town of Kabacan, where the University of Southern Mindanao is located. This is a state university, with a population of more or less fifteen (15) thousand students. The main college to be conducted with the survey is the College of Arts and Sciences.In this college, there are eight (8) courses. These are Bachelor of Ar ts in Psychology, Bachelor of Science in Development Communication, Bachelor of Arts in Political Science, Bachelor of Science in Criminology, BLISS, Bachelor of Science in Chemistry, Bachelor of Science in Biology and Bachelor of Arts in English. This college has a population of more or less five (5) thousand students. Data Gathering Procedure The tec of this study will get the probationary tendency in each course of the College of Arts and Sciences.These courses are Bachelor of Arts in Psychology, Bachelor of Science in Development Communication, Bachelor of Arts in Political Science, Bachelor of Science in Criminology, BLISS, Bachelor of Science in Chemistry, Bachelor of Science in Biology and Bachelor of Arts in English. by and by having the list, the researcher will communicate with those students who are included in the list and the researcher will let them take the tests, which are the self-esteem and procrastination tests. The researcher will limit to fifty (50) respondent s depending on the availability of the students.

The Highlight Reel of Marxism in American Football

Abstract During valety weeks in 2010, the footb totally game dilemma started to a swot as a affectionate issue in society. Raising the question of what should be done if any by the case Football coalition to pr veritable(a)t traumatic and more or less clock cartridge holders mortal(a) hits on the field. Varying degrees of opinions as to what should be done questions include inquiring on the ethics of the NFL and their lack of rubber toward dramatic players as any kind of industrial movement. Stagnate would be the suitable term to use as describing the action taken by the NFL. Since the years of Pre brassnt Theodore Roosevelt, who wanted football game game outlawed in the 1900s.The president himself could not enact the needed changes. Ameri empennage football is one of the largest industries in the nation with an overwhelming abundance of financial resources. So the question arises, wherefore has there not been any fundamental change in the game or even changes in the gu idelines that govern the bid? The answer would be Marxism. This base will define NFLs match to the Marxist perspective in their handling of players and their stagnant approach to change. This is a social a problem that relates to all aspect of society including the demise of the American family.This paper will also define the Marxism theory in relation the American football and the mental well upness epidemic ca apply by the dangers of the game. In recent weeks, the full contact boast of football has made headlines in America. in that location have been an overwhelming amount of injuries overdue(p) to game impact contact to the head, which leads to various head injuries such as, concussions, spinal cord injuries, and deaths. According to Barry Wilner, The National Football League only when represents a fraction of men playing the deadly sport.Colleges, universities, lavishly tames, and middle schools have an overwhelming amount of young men who ar amateur players. Many of these players suffer from some of the aforesaid(prenominal) underframes of injuries and deaths as their pro counterparts playing in the National Football League. Leaving many to wonder the lag in the responsiveness for the NFL to make drastic changes later all the NFL is only has approx 1,900 players a season, leaving the separate program structures such as high school football and college football to absorb the mass of injuries related to football ndustry. In an article published by Paul Tenorino in, The Washington Post, he interviews George Atallah the assistant executive director of external affairs for the National Football League Players Association says, He hoped the recent actions taken by the NFL and its players would help create a trickledown effect about the proper steering to wait a concussion. Based upon the actions and the structure of American football and NFL the majority of change is needed on humble levels within its system such as high school and middle school that represents more than 3. million players. Statistics do not lie. The numbers be the numbers. The vast majority of injuries argon occurring outside of the National Football League. In a recent report published by Richard C. Senelick M. D has Determined that there are only 1,900 active NFL players each season There are more than 3 million children playing football at the youth level and 1. 2 million more playing high school football levels This report does not count the numerous collegiate athletes that play the sport.Colleges and universities along with various secondary education institutions have an epidemic on their workforce and something needs to change, he has estimated that a college lineman experiences over 1,000 sub-concussive head hits in an average season. He come on goes on to say that a line man in the 3 point stance is the most vulnerable of all the players to a brain stain.Explanation in the lack of commitment in the legal community of injuries from th e National Football League can be related to the need for power and the mensurated economics of the passkey athletic system that is described as the Marxist Theory, by taking that approach to football the National Football League developed system that only benefits them. According to Barry Wilner, The National Football League has begun raising fines for illegal hits from the average $5,000 to $10,000 to now $50,000 and $75,000 and has even implemented suspensions for repeated illegal blows. Raising fines and illegal hit, but not changing how the game is vie, taking notes from the players/workers in show to promote change but not implementing change or beingness specific to what hits are no longer allowed. Is the money that is taken from fines of players at the professional used in research to develop safer equipment in order to create safer play? No, it is given directly to the pockets of the NFL, and its governing organization.In Marxist theory, human society and community c onsists of two parts Base and Superstructure. The base structure is the strong relation and condition of production division of labor, dimension relation, employer/employee, slave/master condition and relation. The relations of the base structure fundamentally determines and influences societys other ideas and conditions, namely the Superstructure arts, institutions, state, habits, customs, cultural representations like, law, philosophy, science, sports and etc.We can see this example visualized out in the design of football in America linked to society within in its class structures of football from pee wee, to middle school, to high school, to college to NFL. According to Imani Cheers, Studies have shown that amateur players run a higher risk of head injuries that those in The National Football League. All linking classes are a look up from the other one allo put ong the National Football League to draw upon the usage of varying football players.Example at the age of six p ocket-size greyback and his father sit together and enjoy a game of Mon daytime night football, Johnnys father emotions become ecstatic when little Johnny announces to everyone that he now wants to play football. Little Johnnys father begins working with him showing him passes catches , the proper way to tackle and ultimately how to become a real man by playing football. Soon, Johnny is registered for peewee league and in now fully indoctrinated into the system set up so well to train that allows the National football league to groom and condition them into their system.Playing in leagues that are not under any professional governing authority, regulations are not decided based on the protection of the younger player, medical guidelines are not based on the requirements set by standards from any medical organization who would know that the bone plates in a young childs head does not full fuse together till after the age of twenty. This allows the younger players to be very sustepi able to head injuries vs their much older professional counter parts.Eventually, Johnny is known for being dedicated to his favorite sport, in middle school Johnny respect for the game and his training teaches him to take risks on the field trying plays that he has never been fully trained on how to carry out. Soon developing the approach to allow risk taking is a permissible and even heroic if you just win the game. High school for Johnny brings more challenges and opportunity hoping to be spotted by a college scout and achieving the status of real man an occasional injury occurs from time to ime, but nothing Johnny cannot walk take and then return back to the game.Finally, a respectable college notices Johnnys dedication and, decision to the sport, they offer him a scholarship if he will play for their school bringing with it the dream of possibly being drafted into the National Football League. Johnny declares his value as a man to society, with the show of wealth and riches by his multimillion-dollar contract he finally receives as profits to participate in his love sport. Johnny begins his college football career with high hopes.As a college freshman he does well at practices and the coach decides to make him a second pull lineman allowing him the opportunity to develop his football skills and sharpen his aptitude on the field. His second year playing college ball he is allowed more playing time during game but is not moved up and a first string lineman, giving him even more opportunity to develop his tackling regimen, after a couple of head injuries he is benched for the season, hoping he will re plow by the start of the next season.The next season, Johnnys junior year, he is watched even more by coaches and supporting staff to make sure here are no issues from the previous seasons injuries. After a a couple of(prenominal) games Johnny is finally moved up to first string lineman, allowing him the opportunity to achieve higher stats, he is further con ditioned to play hurt, walking off the field and letting anyone know that he has just had his bell rung will only reduce the chance of him being able to play. Without pay, Johnny continues to play, sacrificing all for stats and the hopeful future day of being drafted.Finally, Johnnys senior year, he makes first-string lineman and is allowed to start the game, giving him even greater need to cover up injuries. During the middle of his senior year, he is injured and benched only for the following next play, he returns to the line of scrimmage back playing he is knocked a pulsation, proving to himself that being a man means to play under any circumstance no matter what. Eventually, he is noticed by professional scouts who take an engage in him because of his dedication to the game and his sacrifice of playing hurt for his team.After all the hard work he finally is a third round draft pick. Placing Johnny in the spinning top ninety men eligible for recruitment after college, by the p rofessional league and finally earning wages for the sacrifices to his clay he has made all these years. The system within the football structure shows a varying display of the different class categories within the professional football league that organize in the same way as the Marxist set up of workers.Starting at the bottom and working your way up through promotions or to the top, the difference is that the football system requires years of hard work and sacrifice without pay until you reach the very top or professional level. The lower class levels in the system are not monitored by any labor board or governing body to insure the safety of players, because all players go without pay until the professional level is reached. All levels have the same positions same amount of players on the field, and safety equipment.The majority of the rules are the same with the exception of weight limits in the peewee league. There are not weight limits in any of the other categories of footba ll. In the peewee league, in order to play you can weigh up to a certain amount for position in which you carry the ball, and then after that weight is exceeded, you can only be a center guard or tackle. Meaning, you can have a seventy- five pound quarterback, which is at the top of the weight scale, and the tackle can weigh two hundred pounds. Varying weights depend on each league rules, within that division.Those divisions is not monitored, by any professional division, only until you play sports within an educational system does a league have governing bodies, charter rules, medical restrictions. Allowing football to becoming more and more dangerous of a sport as the chain of classes develops up the line of class structure by allowing bigger players and no regulation or guidelines monitored by professionals. Marx would tell you, that the part of sport that plays in a given society would precisely reflect its economic/production basis.All of this given in higher economical societ ies (superstructure) are reflected and directly influenced by their historical material/economic means Marxism, the doctrine that the state throughout history has been a device for the exploitation of the masses by a dominant class. That class struggle has been the main agency of historical change, and that the capitalistic system, will after a period of dictatorship of the undertaking, be superseded by a socialist order and a classless society. Marxist sociology is based around five main theories that hypothesis as to how a society functions.historic materialism, which portrays human history as a series of conflicts resulting from an old systems reshaped to fit the interest of the current society. The theory of prodigality value, which describe how the capitalist make a get ahead from those who they employ class division and struggle . Which, examine the capitalistic and the proletariat and how they conflict alienation of the proletariat through the means and methods of the bou rgeois. The theory of political science explains how the inevitable transition of capitalism to communism in a society.The theory of surplus value explains, the way in which capitalists exploit consumers and make a profit from the goods that they sell. The capitalists own the raw material and the means to work with them. Profit, is then added to the raw material through necessary labor from the payment of workers to work with the raw material labor and the payment of labor, longer working hours and cheaper pay for the workers, which together allow the production of more for less. The goods are the sold for more money that was received, was gainful to receive, and was paid to have the goods produced.This process means that capitalists make a profit from the workers and consumers that both produce and consume their products. These capalists methods are clearly visible in professional football as identified by Brohm, as the spectator sport of commodity, which sells football along nor mal capitalist lines. Examples of these capitalist processes are illustrated and discussed in the text, Sport a prison of measured time, authored by J. M Brohm.In the text, Brohm provides twenty theses on sports, eleven of which discuss the birth of modern capitalist sport. All the structures of present day sport tie in to bourgeois, capitalist society (Brohm 1978, p. 47). Some of these illustrate how capitalists use the systems present in society in order to make a profit. For a start the very existence of sport on the scale at which it is now played can be attributed to the capitalist bourgeois society, as summarized by Brohm who said, Sport is a direct consequence of the level of development under the productive forces under capitalism (1978, p. 176).What he means by this, is that due to the mechanization of the workforce by capitalists in order to produce more for less, workers found that they had more free time time in which they took up sport as a form of recreation. This occu rred during the industrial revolution, which meant that improved travel and communications allowed newly formed teams to organize, travel and play matches during the free time that they now had. give away that, the free time, travel and communications that were now available to the working class were all controlled by the bourgeois, -allowing them to effectively continue to profit from the working class population.The way sports operate can easily be compared to how companies operate in the business sector different sports compete for viewers (who are effectively consumers as they pay money to the clubs for merchandise or viewing purposes), and the relationships with which the athletes have with the team owners are very equal to wage relations between company managers and workers. Brohm stated that, The capitalists of sport appropriate players and athletes who thus become their wage laborers (1978, p. 76). This view on football enhances feelings that it is as an enterprise more t han a competitive form of game used to entertain the viewer a consequence of football adopted by capitalists as another form of profit. Football players are similar to the workers in the Marxist system who sells their labor to someone who is willing to pay them. The capitalist then make a profit from the athlete by victimisation them to create entertainment that will draw large crowds who will pay to watch the player perform.How much the employer makes from the player is determined by the law of submit and demand if the player has a skill which is not found commonly then people will pay more to watch them and the employer makes a greater profit. Brohm said athletes of, Amateurism ceased to exist a long time ago. All top level sportsmen are professional performers in the muscle show, meaning that all top level sport is no longer about playing a fair but competitive game it is about people making a profit (Brohm 1978, p. 176).This action is demonstrated in the NFLs, lack to make significant changes to the structure in which the game is played. Instead of making changes in the structure, the NFL fines players for aggressive tackles, and further pockets the money. Never considering the health of players to be important enough to ensure their safety, head injuries are a major concern to the lives of the players.The future lives of players and the quality of daily financial backing is not being considered when the 3 million children playing football at the youth level and 1. million more playing high school football level, are not protected against the sport of football. There remains a significant issue with medical care, monitoring, guidelines and problems with equipment. The NFL instead for pushing for regulation changes in the lower class structure, hope a change in dealing with concussions, will be a result of the NFL fining players. Knowing that the lower structures are where they draw their future players from, they refuse to implement real changes that require the structure as a whole to change.Changing the whole structure, as we know it today would ensure better players, giving the majority of players, longer playing time. Longer playing times in the lives of professional players would cost the NFL more money in contracts, health insurance, and solitude pension. No change in the system guarantees the future profits for the teams, and guarantees the NFL an abundance of already trained players, therefore relieving them any responsibility, or commitment in protect the health of future football players.Football can therefore be identified as just another tertiary sector in the capitalist system where large amounts of money is stood to be made by investors who hire athletes to essentially sell to consumers, Economic trusts, banks and monopolies have taken over the financial side of sporting activity, which has become a prized source of capitalist profits Brohm (1978, p. 177). Attempts by capitalists to maximize the profits they are making is shown by the increasing number of competitions and games that are played during each season in order to increase the number of people who come to watch.In addition to adding more game every year, the games rise in costs. It is not just the viewing rights that capitalists make money from, In order to increase profits further, we can see the production of goods and products, produced with necessary and surplus labor. Advertising rights being sold for money and the establishment of a sports betting industry all of which are sold for a greater cost than was used to produce them, allowing capitalists to benefit further from the sports industry, Leading to the support of hegemony.Football is a place where we can see the use of hegemony through sport is in class structure and social stratification. Sage, defines social stratification as, structures that cause social inequality among groups of people (1998, p. 35). This involves the bourgeois class using various methods of power to oppress the proletariat class football provide the bourgeois with a prime opportunity to do this. The dominant classes control over the working class peoples free time was manifested in sports(Hargreaves 1986 p. 85).One of the ways that the bourgeois established control over the playing and administration of sports was that when sports were initially becoming popular among society. Football first played and taught at schools where the majority of pupils came from families of high social status. According to Sage, Students of these colleges, that played American Football, when it first achieved popularity, were overwhelmingly from wealthy families (Sage 1998, p. 44). Apart from not being present in the places where sport was evolving and improving, people from lower class backgrounds also had another disadvantage in that they had less money.Which limited how much access they could have to sport even if it was available to them, the higher the economic status, the higher the sports involvement (Sage 1998 p. 44). These factors meant that by the time working class people were consistently able to participate in sport, the bourgeois class were already in control of game formats, equipment and location, allowing them to continue to oppress the proletariat class of society through sport as well as other social mechanisms.

The Principal Crusades

The Crusades were a series of Holy Wars launched by the Christian states of europium against the Saracens and the rescuing of holy places of Palestine from the hands of the Mohammedans. (Alchin 1) There were eight Crusades in number the first four were sometimes called the jumper lead Crusades, and the remaining four were the called the Minor Crusades. (Alchin 1) The principal(prenominal) Crusades, however, were considered to be the most impor erythema solaret. (Alchin 1) The Principal Crusades started because of key people or key events, which led to demand history.Every crusade contained key people, which helped spark the crusades, or contained key leading that were important in conquering them. The first impulse to the Crusade came from an appeal of the eastern emperor, Michael VII to Pope Gregory VII for aid against the Seljuks. (Walker 2) Alexius I, a stronger ruler tan him immediate predecessors in Constantinople, saw the divisive squabbles among the Seljuk chieftain as an opportunity to take the offensive. (Walker 2) He, therefore, appealed to Pope Urban II for assistance in procreation a body of western knights to help him recover his lost Asiatic provinces. Walker 2) Urban called on all Christendom to take part in the work, promise a complete remission of sins to those who would take the arduous journey. (Walker 2) The leading of the first Crusade included some of the most distinguished representatives of European knighthood. (Alchin 2) Count Raymond of Toulouse headed a band of volunteers from a Province in s appearhern France. (Alchin 2) Godfrey of Bouillon and his br new(prenominal) Baldwin commanded a force of French and Germans from the Rhinelands. (Alchin 2) Normandy sent Robert, William the Conquerors eldest discussion. Waring 167) The Normans from Italy and Sicily were led by Bohemond, a son of Robert Guiscard, and his nephew Tancred. (Alchin 2) All of these men were key leaders in the first Crusade. In 1145, Pope Eugenius III proclaim ed a new crusade and in 1147 the plunk for crusade set forth, barely it showed little of the fiery enthusiasm which the first crusade possessed. (Walker 4) The contagion of the holy enthusiasm seized not only barons, knights, and the common people, but kings and emperors were now infected with the sacred frenzy. (Alchin 11) The key leaders of the second crusade were two monarchs, Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germ any(prenominal). Alchin 11) Conrad III, emperor of Germany, was persuaded to leave the affairs of his distracted conglomerate in the hands of God, and consecrate himself to the defense of the sepulcher of Christ. (Buddy 11) Louis VII. , king of France, was led to undertake the crusade through remorse for an act of great cruelty that he had perpetrated upon some of his revolted subjects. (Alchin 11) The key men of the third crusade were both distinct leaders. King Richard I of England, who was later given the title the Lion-hearted, was the central figure among t he Christians knights of this crusade. Alchin 16) The other was Saladin, chief of the Mohammedans, who was not lacking in any of those knightly virtues with which the writers of the time invested the character of the English hero. (Alchin 20) At one time, when Richard was sick with a fever, Saladin, knowing that he was poorly supplied with delicacies, sent him a gift of the choicest fruits of the land. (Alchin 20) On another occasion, Richards horse having been killed in battle, the sultan caused a fine Arabian steed to be led to the Christian camp as a present for his rival. Alchin 20) For two years Richard the Lion-hearted vainly contended in almost daily combat with his generous antagonist for the possession of the tomb of Christ. (Alchin 20) Both of these men contributed to the third crusade. The fourth Crusade was authored by only one person, and that person only had one goal. The young, enthusiastic and ambitious Pope unobjectionable III sought once more to unite the force o f Christendom against Islam. (Cairns 216) No emperor or king answered his summons, but a number of knights took the crusaders vow. Alchin 24) None of the Crusades, after the Third, effected much in the Holy Land either their force was spent before reaching it, or they were diverted from their usance by different objects and ambitions. (Alchin 24) All of these key figures helped spark the Principal Crusades. The results from the key events were the end of the Principal Crusades. These events that follow helped the Christians prevail over the Muslims. Godfrey of Bouillon, Duke of Lorraine, and Tancred lead an expedition to feel Jerusalem. (Alchin 5) The expedition numbered about seven hundred deoxyguanosine monophosphate men, of which one hundred thousand were called knights. Alchin 5) The crusaders traversed Europe by different routes and reassembled at Constantinople. (Alchin 5) Crossing the Bosphorus, they first captured Nicaea, the Turkish capital, in Bithynia, and then set out across Asia Minor for Syria. (Alchin 5) Arriving at Antioch, the survivors captured that place, and then, after some delays, pushed on towards Jerusalem. (Alchin 5) The Siege of Antioch had lasted fromOctober 1097 to June 1098. (Alchin 5) Reduced now to perhaps stern of their original numbers, the crusaders sophisticated slowly to the city which formed the goal of all their efforts, Jerusalem. Alchin 6) When the Crusaders were in full view of the Holy City, a perfect delirium of gratification seized the crusaders. (Alchin 6) They embraced one another with tears of joy, and even embraced and kissed the ground on which they stood. (Alchin 6) As they passed on, they took off their shoes, and marched with uncovered heads and bare feet before attacking it. (Alchin 6) Then the grand encounter came. The first assault made by the Christians upon the walls of the city was repulsed but the second was successful, and the city was in the hands of the crusaders by July 1099. Alchin 7) Once i nside the city, the crusaders mow downd their enemies without mercy. (Alchin 7) The degenerate and massacre of the city of Edessa sparked the second crusade. In the year 1146, the city of Edessa, the bulwark of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem on the side towards Mesopotamia, was taken by the Turks, and the entire macrocosm was slaughtered, or sold into slavery. (Alchin 9) This disaster threw the entire West into a state of the greatest alarm, lest the little Christian state and all the holy places should again fall into the hands of the infidels. Alchin 9) The second crusade, though begun under the most favorable auspices, had an unhappy ending. (Alchin 12) Of the great host that set out from Europe, only a few thousands break loose annihilation in Asia Minor at the hands of the Turks. (Alchin 12) Louis and Conrad, with the remnants of their armies, made a joint attack on Damascus, but had to raise the siege after a few days. (Alchin 12) This closed the second crusade. The captur e of Jerusalem by Saladin stimulated the third crusade. Having made himself sultan of Egypt, Saladin united the Moslems of Syria under his sway and then advanced against the LatinKingdom of Jerusalem. Alchin 14) The Christians met him in a great battle near the lake of Galilee. (Alchin 14) It ended in the rout of their army and the capture of their king. (Alchin 14) Saladin quickly reaped the fruits of victory. (Alchin 14) The Christian cities of Syria open up their gates to him, and at last Jerusalem itself surrendered after a short siege. (Alchin 14) The news of the taking of Jerusalem spread consternation throughout western Christendom. (Alchin 15) The blackguard for another crusade arose on all sides. (Alchin 15) Once more thousands of men sewed the cross in gold, or silk, or cloth upon their garments and set out for the Holy Land. Alchin 15) When the three greatest rulers of Europe, King Philip Augustus of France, King Richard I of England, and the German emperor, Frederick B arbarossa heard about the catastrophe they set out, each at the head of a large army, for the recovery of the Holy City of Jerusalem. (Walker 5) Thus the third crusade began. The crusaders of the fourth expedition captured Constantinople instead of Jerusalem. The crusaders took Constantinople by storm. (Alchin 26) No infidels could have been treated in a worse fashion than this home of ancient civilization. Alchin 26) They burned down a great part of it they slaughtered the inhabitants they wantonly destroyed monuments, statues, paintings, and manuscriptsthe accumulation of a thousand yearsand carried away much of the movable wealth. (Alchin 26) Never had there been such plunder since the world began. (Alchin 26) The results of these events played important roles in the Principal Crusades. The effect of the Principal Crusades had historical implications on society. At the recapturing of Jerusalem of the first crusade, a terrible slaughter of the infidels took place. Alchin 7) For se ven days the carnage went on, at the end of it, scarcely any of the Moslem faith was left alive. (Alchin 7) The Christians took possession of the houses and property of the infidels, each soldier having a right to that which he had first seized and placed his mark upon. (Alchin 7) All of this was the affect of the first crusade. At the retreating from the siege of Damascus of the second crusade, the strength of both the French and the German division of the expedition was wasted in Asia Minor, and the crusade fulfill nothing. (Alchin 12) Thus was the end of the second Crusade.In the third crusade, although Richard was unsuccessful in recapturing Jerusalem, he did get Saladin to agree to give pilgrims free access to the city without paying tribute. (Cairns 214) later on the truce, Richard set sail for England, and with his departure from the Holy Land the third crusade came to an end. (Cairns 214) Thus was the end of the third crusade. Although the crusaders of the fourth crusade h ad plundered from the sack of Constantinople, it had a negative effect. Constantinople declined in strength and could no longer cope with the barbarians menacing it. (Alchin 28) Two centuries later the city fell easily to the Turks. Alchin 28) Their greed and lust for world-beater turned the fourth crusade into a political adventure. (Alchin 28) Thus was the ending of the fourth crusade. These were the historical affects of the Principal Crusades. The trigger of the Principal Crusades was from the emulation of key leaders and the stimulation of key events, which both had negative and positive effects on history. The crusades were great military expeditions undertaken by the Christian nations of Europe. There purpose, to take back precedent Christian nations from pagans and to restore Christianity throughout them. Works CitedAlchin, Linda. The Crusades. Middle Ages. N. S. , 16 July 2006. Web. 3 Mar. 2011. http//www. middle-ages. org. uk/the-crusades. htm Buddy. A Brief History of the Crusades. My Discipleship Journal (2010). Print. Cairns, Earl. Christianity through the Centuries a History of the Christian Church. Grand Rapids Zondervan, 1996. Print. Walker. The Crusades. Theology Website. N. S. , 1997. Web. 3 Mar. 2011. http//theologywebsite. com/ history/crusades. shtml. Waring, Diana. Romans, Reformers, and Revolutionaries. Petersburg Thomas Nelson Publishers, Inc. , 2008. Print.

Organizational Performance Essay

AbstractThe meter of organisational work has undergone changes in congener to its measurement focus. From a uniquely financial perspective, it began to consider other nonfinancial perspectives, as well as to include a cause and instal relation among the in operation(p) dimension and the strategic dimension of shapings. Based on this current view, procedure optical prism presents itself as a doing measurement system alternative to be used by organizations, with its principal(prenominal) focus being the stakeholders in its field of operation. The objective of this study is to present a conceptual approach to the measurement of organizational surgery by means of a review of literature, introducing the deed optical prism as the system for this measurement. Besides introducing the entire conceptual mental synthesis, based on the authors who proposed the lesson, Andy Neely and Chris Adams, this make-up introduces a theoretical review regarding the concepts of executing me asurement, differentiating the new tendencies of new approaches and showing the relation between exploit measurement systems and the management of organizational performance.The PerformancePrism model presents itself as a new performance measurement system alternative within the current need that goes beyond the financial approach. In relation to the equilibrate S nubcard, a broadly used model nowadays, Performance Prism stands out for having a broader aspect with regard to the stakeholders considered, which argon the models core focus. However, literature shows that the Performance Prism does not stand out yet as a broadly used model in the knowledge base. We conclude that this model can contribute towards organizations that seek changes in how they manage performances, mainly due to the fact that most often the stakeholders that belong to the environment in which they be inserted are whogenerate the sustainability of these organizations, and therefore it is reasonable that the y should be the focus of this organizational performance.Keywords performance measurement performance prism stakeholders.1. IntroductionThe measurement of organizational performance has undergone changes in relation to its measurement focus. From a uniquely financial perspective, it began to consider other nonfinancial perspectives, as well as to include a cause and effect relation between the operational dimension and the strategic dimension of organizations. Based on this current view, Performance Prism presents itself as a performance measurement system alternative to be used by organizations, with its main focus being the stakeholders in its field of operation. The objective of this study is to present a conceptual approach to the measurement of organizational performance by means of a review of literature, introducing the Performance Prism as the system for this measurement.2. Measuring performance in the new contextFor a long time, performance measurement was focused just on financial index numbers, failing to address other perspectives influencing an organizations global performance. Eccles (1998) visualizes that not considering financial indicators as the basis for performance measurement and treating them wholly as a single aspect in a broader soldiers of indicators is a requirement for this current agonistic environment.Bogan and English (1997) present a differentiation among performance indicators in past and current contexts. project 1 shows the indicator set known as old performance indicators, focused on finance.Source Bogan and English, 1997, p. 60 Figure 1 Old performance indicators Figure 2 shows the approach with quality seen together with the financial aspects. Currently, other non-financial dimensions are included, as well as stakeholders such as clients and employees. In this context, changes shown in Figures 1 and 2 reflect the transformation of this performance measurement approach using only financial indicators into a set of fi nancial and non-financial indicators.According to Cavenaghi (2001), for years financial performance measurement was seen as the only way, the correct and legitimate way of assessing effectiveness and efficiency in an organization. Drucker (1998) stresses that, regarding performance, it is important to consider the strategic approach that goes over an organizations internal boundaries, overcoming the vision contemplating cost centers and approaching issues like proprietary and third- bug outy technologies, changes in economy, markets, clients and future targets and financial markets.Source Bogan and English, 1997, p. 60 Figure 2 upstart performance indicators Dornier et al. (2000) see performance indicators as a guide for making investments, defining goals and also benchmarking vs. the actual status, in addition to a facilitating instrument for predicting and minify uncertainties, identifying high priority actions, helping in engaging and managing staff and being a dynamic tool re flecting the organizationsbehavior.For Simons and Dvila (2000, p. 73), perfect financial indicators for measuring performance, i.e. return on net assets, return on assets and return on sales, are useful, but are not specifically bound(p) to reflect the companys quality of work when implementing strategies. According to Corra and Caon (2002), traditional bodily performance measurement systems, in addition to focusing virtually exclusively on financial indicators, did not hold back adequate finis making by the executives, since they did not adequately reflect the level in which the organization is being able or unable to r separately meet strategic goals.According to Miranda and Silva (2002), any action to be implemented in a company needs follow-up to know to what extent it is progressing regarding defined goals and which corrective actions should be adopted if required. According to these authors, companies need to valorize performance measurement for the following factors t yrannical the companys operating(a) activities Feeding employees incentive systems and Controlling planning. Thus, performance measurement needs to be a part of the control unconscious process, involving strategic, tactic and operating levels, continuously assessing planning and actions implemented under different perspectives, such as clients, processes, collaborators, shareholders and other that can interfere with an organizations global performance, not solely contemplating the financial perspective.3. Performance Management and Performance Measurement SystemTo Neely et al. (1995), a performance measurement system must contain psyche indicators, but inter-related regarding a specific environment, as shown in Figure 3. According to these authors, when designing a performance measurement system the following aspects must be considered What performance indicators are to be used? What are they used for? How much will they cost? What benefits will they bring?Source Neely et al , 1995, p. 81 Figure 3 A structure for the performance measurement system design According to Lebas (1995), measuring performance and managing performance are not separated. He states that there is an interactive process between those two aspects. Performance management is an organizational philosophy supported by performance measurement. According to the author, approach types are different, but in the first case, it is distressed with related issues, such as training, incentives, compensation, management style and communication. In the second case, it is aimed at measuring potential, inputs, outputs and deviations. Bititci, Carrie and Mcdevitt (1997) understand the performance measurement system as the information system that represents the core of the performance management process. Figure 4, presents the performance management system according to the authors and the position of the performance measurement system.Source Bititci, Carrie and Mcdevitt (1997) Figure 4 The performan ce management process and the position of the performance measurement system. For these authors, performance management is the process in which a company manages its performance aligned with corporate and functional strategies. The goal of this process is to promote a continuous, proactive control system where functional and corporate strategies are outspread to all craft process, activities, tasks, and the great unwashed and feedback is obtained through a performance measurement system, allowing for an adequate decision making management. According to Martins (1998), the performance management process must be the way in which a company manages performance, aligned with corporate and functional strategies and goals derived from these strategies.According to this author, strong market competitiveness characterizes corporate environment, requiring products with quick technologic innovationand short life cycles, forcing the performance management to be aligned to these concepts, as pr esented below- Acknowledgement of manufacturing(operations) as the missing link in company strategies and a subsequent source of competitive advantage Appearance of Total Quality management as a management philosophy continuous improvement for products and processes Leaving the mechanistic view of the world for a systemic view Company aimed at the satisfaction of its stakeholders Multiple competitive criterions quality, cost, reliability, time, flexibility, innovation and service Importance of integrating the companys run chain, both external and internal and Valuing teamwork and proactive decision making, anticipating potential future problems.Regarding the performance measurement system, Martins (1998) sees it in the core of the performance management process, integrating all relevant system information, such as strategy development and review, managerial accounting, management by objectives, nonfinancial performance indicators, bonus incentive structure and individual per formance evaluations. For this author, new performance measurement systems must possess the following characteristics Be aligned with competitive strategy Contemplate financial and non-financial indicators Drive and support continuous improvement Identify trends and advancements Be clear in cause-effect relationships Be easily understood by employees- Encompass the entire supply chain process Real -time information and be dynamic and Evaluate the group, not the individual, in addition to influencing the attitude of collaborators. For Corra and Corra (2005), performance measurement systems are part of the control and planning cycle, crucial for operations management, provided that performance indicators provide the means for collecting performance data that, after evaluated according to certain standards, support the decision making process.According to these authors, establishing an adequate performance evaluation system is crucial for influencing desired behaviors in people and in operations systems so that certain strategic intentions are more likely to become actions aligned to the desired strategy. Thus, performance measurement systems provide, through a set of information, support for the performance management process, which has a broader approach. When designinga performance measurement system, one must understand the adoption of me measurements, in terms of acquisition costs, justification and utilization and these must be inter-related, being part of the organizations planning and control cycle.4. Performance Prism as a Performance Measurement SystemEvaluating organizational relationships with its main stakeholders and their links to strategies, processes and competencies can be a way to leverage and improve corporate performance. For Frost (2000), depending on business nature, stakeholders can be external, internal clients, commandment authorities, shareholders and others. This author understands one should consider all stakeholders involved with the organization, to the extent of if one is forgotten inthe management and evaluation system, consequences can be dramatic for the business. Our business is to create value for our stakeholders our first job is to know who those stakeholders are and what they value in our performance (FROST, 2000, p.31). The Performance Prism was created by Nelly and Adams (2000). These authors proposed the model from the premise that some(prenominal) approaches or methodologies for measuring performance have their own context nonetheless, they all seek to measure performance. In this context, these authors propose the Performance Prism, stating that it is a broader models, since it considers the five surfaces of a prism.According to Adams and Neely (2003), in the structure of the Performance Prism, stakeholder satisfaction, as well as its contributions act at the core of the search for success in an organization. For the authors, even though process perspectives, strategies and competencies are involved and serving as supporting perspectives to reach stakeholder satisfaction or receive their contribution, as shown in Figure 5, stakeholders are the central point of Performance Prism. According to Neely, Adams, and Crowe (2001), the model has been applied in a real number of situations. It has also been used in mergers and acquisitions, aimed at improving these processes. Adams andNeely (2006) understand that the Balanced Scorecard, proposed by Kaplan and Norton (1992), takes only three stakeholders into account investors, clients and employees. The Performance Prism also considers employees, vendors, intermediaries, regulation authorities and the community. The model considers stakeholder satisfaction and contribution in a unique way.Source Adams and Neely (2003) Figure 5 Performance Prism in action Since this model is derived from the process strategy, thus acknowledging the required competencies, the Performance Prism promotes a more comprehensive approach and stim ulates views at a magnified angle, in other business dimensions, where possibly performance is missing in the measurement structure. The takings is much more realistic for business leadership (ADAMS NELLY, 2006). Each of the fine surfaces of the Performance Prism represents a come across area crucial to success. The weight of each surface will depend on established strategic goals, such as cost reduction, brand increase, research synergies and others.Figure 6 presents the five surfaces of the Performance Prism model and its approaches. Each surface of the Prism must represent an approach perspective processes, strategies, competencies, contribution and stakeholder satisfaction in performance measurement.Source Adams and Neely (2006, p.2) Figure 6 The five surfaces of the Performance Prism model For Adams and Neely (2006), the following are fundamental questions that must be considered when approaching the Performance Prisma) Who are our key stakeholders and what do they want and need?b) What strategies are we using to meet their needs and desires?c) What processes are needed to put them into practice and reach these strategies?d) What competencies are required to survive and augment these processes?e) What do we want and need from the stakeholders to maintain and develop these competencies?This way, the Performance Prism model, in addition to considering perspectives of processes, strategies and competencies, also considers stakeholders contribution and satisfaction. It focuses on stakeholders involved in the environment of an organization through five perspectives, considering stakeholders satisfaction, stakeholders contribution ad deriving objectives from this process strategy and evaluating inherent competencies to support them.5. Final ConsiderationsThrough the approach mentioned here, positive using a bibliographic research on the theme, it is possible to see that the Performance Prism model is a new alternative as a performance measurement system w ithin the current perspective, going beyond the financial approach. Compared to the Balanced Scorecard, a model widely used currently, the Performance Prism is different because it possesses a broader aspect regarding the considered stakeholders, who are also the core of the model. This model also has a cause-effect relationship structure that follows an orientation from stakeholders demand, over which the strategy is designed, brainish processes and competencies for an organization that wants the satisfaction of these stakeholders.Because it is a more recent model, compared to others, consecrated by their application in organizations, the Performance Prism still does not represent a widely used modelworldwide. Nonetheless, it can contribute to organizations seeking changes in the way they manage performance, especially because most of the times, their stakeholders generate the sustainability of these organizations, thusbeing only reasonable that are central to the organizational p erformance. As a recommendation for future studies, it is required to study the application of the Performance Prism in depth, allowing for a review of its adaptability and effectiveness in a larger set of organizations, since there are currently a few cases regarding the application of this model for measuring performance in literature.ReferencesADAMS, Chris. NEELY, Andy. Using the Performance Prism to Boost the Success of Mergers & Acquisitions, Accenture, New York. In. (out. 2006). ADAMS, Chris. NEELY, Andy. The New Spectrum How the Performance Prism Framework Helps, Business Performance Management, Norwalk, nov. 2003. In . (jul.2007). BITITCI, Umit S. CARRIE, Allan S. MCDEVITT, Liam. Techniques integrated performance measurement systems an audit and development guide. The TQM Magazine. v.9, n.1, p. 46-53, 1997. BOGAN, Christopher E. ENGLISH, Michael J. Benchmarking Aplicaes prticas e Melhoria Contnua. So Paulo Makron Books, 1997.CAVENAGHI, Vagner. Gesto do desempenho empresarial A contribuio da rea de manufatura. 2001. Tese (Doutorado em Engenharia de Produo) Programa de PsGraduao em Engenharia de Produo, USP, So Paulo. CHIAVENATO, Idalberto CERQUEIRA NETO, Edgar P. Administrao Estratgica em busca do desempenho superior, uma abordagem alm do Balanced Scorecard. So Paulo Saraiva, 2003. CORRA, Henrique L. CAON, Mauro. Gesto de Servios, So Paulo Atlas, 2002. CORRA, Henrique L. CORRA, Carlos A. Administrao de Produo e Operaes Manufatura e Servios uma abordagem estratgica. So Paulo Atlas, 2005. DORNIER, Philippe-Pierre ERNST, Ricardo FENDER,Michel KOUVELIS, Panos. recordstica e Operaes Globais Textos e Casos. So Paulo Atlas, 2000. DRUCKER, Peter F. The Information Executives Truly Need. In Measuring Corporate Performance. Boston Harvard Business Review, 1998. p. 1-24 ECCLES, Robert G. The Performance Measurement Manifesto. In Measuring Corporate Performance. Boston Harvard Business Review, 1998. p. 25-45. FROST, Bob. Measuring Performance, Dallas Measurement International, 2000. KAPLAN, Robert S. NORTON, David P. The Balanced Scorecard measures that drive performance. Harvard Business Review. p. 71-79, january-february 1992. LEBAS, Michel J. Performance measurement and performance management. International Journal of Production Economics. v. 41, p. 23-35, 1995. MARTINS, Roberto A. Sistemas de Medio de Desempenho Um modelo para Estruturao do Uso. 1998. Tese (Doutorado em Engenharia de Produo) Programa de PsGraduao em Engenharia de Produo, USP, So Paulo. MENDES, Dilermando P. O Balanced Scorecard como instrumento de avaliao do nvel de desempenho logstico em uma empresa de prestao de servios. 2002. Dissertao(Mestrado em Engenharia de Produo) Programa de Ps-Graduao em Engenharia de Produo, UFSC, Florianpolis. MIRANDA, Luis C. GOMES DA SILVA, Jos D. Medio do Desempenho. In SCHMIDT, Paulo (Org.) Controladoria Agregando valor para a Empresa. Porto Alegre Bookman, 2002. p. 131-153. NEELY, Andy GREGORY, Mike PLATTS, Ken. Performance measuremen t system design. International Journal of Operations Management. Cambridge, v.14, n.4, p. 81-114, 1995. NEELY, Andy ADAMS, Chris. Perspectives on Performance the performance prism. In Handbook of Performance Measurement. London Bouine, 2000. NEELY, Andy ADAMS, Chris CROWE Paul. The Performance Prism in Practice. Measuring Business Excellence. v.5, n.2, p. 6-12, 2001. SIMONS, Robert DVILA, Antnio Medindo o Desempenho Empresarial. Rio de Janeiro Harvard Business Review, Campus, 2000.

Keri 2006 Advertising Campaign Essay

This is a 2006 advertizement campaign of Keri newfound skin-cargon growth, Keri ply Shea Butter lotion. It is a remake and imitation of a well-known painting La Grande Odalisque by cut workman Jean-August-Dominique Ingres. The written message states this come the undying beauty of being a woman with Keri Shea Butter. Enriched with provide Vitamin E, it makes skin feel truly touchable. It seemingly means that this new harvest-festival can aid improve the consumers skin performance.But indeed, this ad contains intended meanings which include symbolic properties and commodity fetishism. setoff of all, this Keris ad produces symbolic meanings. In this ad, it is not a simply a case that the conventions and themes of an artist or a style are copied, but rather it is a carefully and close re outpution of the original painting. If we compare it to the origin, the head cover, the fan and pose of the nuked woman is almost the same. The point of intersection itself has no meaning . just this careful riposte of particular grammatical constituents obvious makes the ad as a reference to the original painting, a classic and wide international recognized work of art which is meaningful to most consumers. As a masterwork of art in the history, the painting is regarded as an important icon of an immortal and timeless signifier of classic female beauty. By creating correlation between the ad and Ingres painting, the image, ideas of Ingres panting become attached to Keris new product. The sexy female nude, the material object, becomes the signifier, and it signified the idea of timeless female beauty.Therefore, Keris new product becomes a sign of timeless female beauty. Moreover, the advertisement creates differentiation between new product and the otherwise products in the same series (Williamson, 1978, p24). Keri ad introduces a new product that is enriched with nourishing Vitamin E, an important element to make skin smooth and vibrant. In fact, there are more six more products in this category. The function and content of Keri Nourishing Shea Butter make it unique and independent to other product, such as Original, Advanced and Moisture Rich Oil.In addition, the advertisement makes the product and a feeling of experience of the timeless beauty of being a woman equal in measure. Every woman wants to be pleasing and timeless. However money cannot buy you beautiful and timeless. Thus, by generating a connection between Keris product and feeling, it adds a valuate to timeless beauty, because money can buy Keris product. Secondly, the Keris lotion product exists as a commodity in the market place. The lotion has a nature priority of qualification skin smooth.As Marx says the nature priority decides the use value (Marx, 1867). The use value of Keris product is to improve your skin quality. In Capital, Marx says the objective form of social relations is called reification (1867). As the advertising campaign says experience the timeless beau ty of being a woman with Keri Shea Butter, the consumers will experience timeless beauty of being a woman if they purchase and consume the product. The human relationship of timeless beauty is expressed in a commodity form of lotion.The abstracted social relations are taken out of their actual organic context, abstraction separates the use value and exchange value of a commodity (Goldman, 1992, p21). In this ad, the meaning of using its product is transformed into the experience of timeless beauty. In this process, the exchange value of Keris product now refer to the timeless beauty. It equivalents the value of the product and the value of a history work of art of beauty female by putting the product and reproduction image together into the same frame.

Comprehensive and Continuous Evaluation Pattern Essay

It is ironic that Kapil Sibal declared at 125th Birth Anniversary celebrations of great Mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan that psychometric test-centric educational activity system would have to go. One wonders what Ramanujan himself would say Mr. Minister, even I am a product of exam centric education system? Kapil Sibal says he would handle to replace the current system with a child-centric one. outright that is a very interesting term. So how does the minister define the term?Expressing his determination to do by with rote learning and the archaic examination-oriented system, he said We are destinationeavouring to reform this with emphasis on readiness suppuration and unlocking the creative talent within the child. The Ministrys decision to do away with examinations at the end of the year, replacing them with a Comprehensive and Continuous Evaluation (CCE) system in a bid to de-stress children, was a step in that direction. Link Comprehensive and Continuous Evaluation ha s its emoluments.It has to be, however, said that CCE will not de-stress the children all by itself. Students are under stress due to the range of competition. Imagine a panorama appearing for IIT JEE during +2. He faces at least 7 lakh others across the country. Imagine what goes on in the family, forget the candidate Every IIT graduate has a story to tell as to how many sacrifices the complete family makes for success at the exam CCE has its benefits and can de-stress the students but in an autonomous organization with buckram controls within the organization.For example, some design colleges at graduate level and almost all of them at post-graudate level use it to the maximum benefit of both students and professors. The system is a success at these places because of the autonomy. JNTU implemented CCE in engineering colleges associate to it. It had curb impact and yet, it couldnt do away with the final exam. The final exam had to cover 80% of the kernel score. CCE makes se nse when the number of institutions involved is less. Another important factor that influences the impact of CCE is the natural proximity of affiliated institutions.Otherwise fraud and cheating would happen as the case is with JNTUs example. Understanding the issue JNTU confront several issues with implementing CCE is more than 100 colleges in AP affiliated to it at the time of introduction of the system. They started with 80% impertinent military rank in the form of final comprehensive exam and 20% internal evaluation across the semester via 5 exams conducted by the instructor. Due to lack of feedback appliance between students and the government personate JNTU, the system conduct to several conundrums. There were cases of cheating and fraud.JNTU wanted to solve this problem by making internal evaluation not so internal with online objective evaluation. For this, an internal evaluation question bank was created through suggestions from all its professors, assistant profes sors, associate professors across the affiliated institutes. The online evaluation software would throw random questions on the screen to be answered in stipulated amount of time. This system again failed at several institutions due to root issues but the major problem was again cheating and fraud.The issue is quite clear large educational bodies with centralized governing body cannot use CCE effectively. Effective use of CCE can happen with decentralized pattern. JNTU mute this and divided colleges between JNTU Hyderabad, JNTU Kakinada and JNTU Ananthapur. The division was purely based on physical proximity of the institute to the governing body. This system still faces the issues that it had initially. It will continue to face them. Take another example. IITs. For evaluating graduate students, IITs dont have a commonplace examination across all the IITsEven BITS Pilani which has its campuses in Pilani, Dubai, Goa and Hyderabad doesnt use CCE across all quartet via a common e valuation body. Closed loop within each campus is used. In fact in all these institutes, swift justice in case of any fraud/cheating via committees within the institutes ensures break off evaluation, without hindering the process of education. The key phrase checks and balances. One then wonders why such a tight loop cannot be framed within the nurtures or a set of schools within close physical proximity What is happening now?In our current system of school education, we have CBSE at matter level and as competing bodies we have State Education Boards. Schools are awarded to choose one of the bodies. The chosen body not just dictates syllabi but also evaluates students in a final examination with a common exam held on a common date at all affiliated schools. So by design CCE is missing. Private schools, so far bridged this gap by having internal evaluation which does not discover scoring at final exam but will only help students to be flying for the final evaluation.Government schools on the other hand, have been busy serving meals at noon to children preferably than conducting classes regularly. All government education bodies across India have a common goal syllabus. Core of the problem lies in this skill development has never been the area of interest of these bodies. Skill development was and still is the schools responsibility to compete with other schools. Students who make it top notch institutes across India via JEE, AIEEE, BITSAT etc. , in general have a set of skills in some area or the other.But it has to be unsounded that they do not make it there due to those skills. They acquire those skills at school, due to their own devotion and sometimes due to the schools stress on extra-curricular and co-curricular activities. Fortunately or unfortunately, skill development is not due to the governing body. Some exceptions do exist in places like Kerala though In terms of the system of education, both geography and demography have a huge role to play. beforehand CCE Implementation. Sibals megalomania and grandiose plans lack substance just because of one of his very fundamental affirmation centralization.For a country of the size of India, with such a large population, centralization of education is a chance to start with. Decentralizing and allowing that little freedom to schools would be a very important step. Such a decentralization process must be addressed before CCE can be implemented. If we are sibyllic to get anything useful from implementation of CCE, what Governments at class X, +1, +2 level in Government Schools unavoidably to Allow more freedom to schools to collaborate and spool imagerys they are already in severe resource crunch. Leaving out examinations completely would be a recipe for disaster.As it is, drop out order in Class X, +1, +2 across states like AP is too high. Any hasty introduction of CCE without starting line correcting some fundamental flaws in organizing schools would only bring abo ut faster drop out place at these levels. CCE is already available in an abstract way in private schools. Several back up and government schools tried to emulate it to see marginal success. But the issue remains. CCE it self will not reduce stress on students. In conclusion, CCE would make sense only with a proper mechanism to address drop-out rates at class X, +1, +2 levels across government schools in India.Acts proposed by Sibal like RTE only make it worse as they attack Private schools which have a decent CCE model already in place. Bottom line leave private institutions alone. If possible allow them a % deal of total evaluation points/score. Dont scrap examinations, even if you introduce grading. Meanwhile, ensure Government and back up school improve standards w. r. t infrastructure and faculty. Form conglomerates of schools within a certain radius and allow them to frame, organize and evaluate their students through proper resource spooling.